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    Featured articles:
    A Tale of Two Cacti
    Dana M. Price & Martin Terry

    Button, button, who's got the button?
    Martin Terry

    Conservation of Lophophora in Mexico
    Martin Terry

    Flora of the Dead Horse Mountains
    Joselyn Fenstermacher


    CCI



    regrowth in 2014
     
    Regrowth on Lophophora williamsii



        
      Peyote harvest regrowth –
      the harvested group


      Summary of observations after six years



        Concerning data on regrowth involving multiple pups it is important to understand that there is not necessarily a direct 1:1 correspondence between sequential figures for individual pups within a single plant.
         It was not uncommon for some or all pups to be partly or entirely covered so some photos illustrate the pre-uncovery state.

        Images of the tags can be viewed via the links for the tag numbers in the first column.

        Images of regrowth for the actual plants that were harvested in our study can be viewed using the links in the column headed "Regrowth as number of pups".

        Images of the regrowth plants that were reharvested in the second and third phases of this study can be viewed using the links in the comments column.

        On 8 March 2010 the second phase of this study began with the two year old regrowth of half the original harvested plants being reharvested. Those twenty plants were rooted for replanting and the mother plants are now part of a subgroup in the study. 

        On 13 March 2012 the third phase of this study began with the two-year old regrowth of half the reharvested plants being reharvested yet again (the third harvest of those plants in four years). The harvested buttons from those twenty plants were dried and saved for a study to determine the mescaline content of small regrowth buttons compared to crown tissue from eight-ribbed mature plants from the same population, and the mother plants are now part of a subgroup in the study. Both the thrice harvested plants and the once harvested plants had four dead or missing plants.

        The results from our March 2009–2012 visits concerning those 20 individuals.

                On 10 March 2014, we returned for a follow-up visit and an additional reharvest of half of the two-yr old regrowth.


        nd   – No data available.
                 – Missing data.




      Plant No.

        (Links
      to Tag  IMG)

      Number
      of ribs

       

      Diameter
      (cm)

       
      Height
      (cm)

       
      Weight
      (gm)
       



      Regrowth as
      number of pups

      (Links to images)

      Regrowth as
      diameter of pups

      (cm)

         Comments   

       

      2008
      2009
      2010
      2011
      2012
      2014
              3 Mar. 2008 (This refers to the original plant.)
      Also entries for 2010-2012 & 2014




      11 Nov. 2008
        7 Mar. 2009
       6 Mar. 2010
      15 Mar. 2011
      13 Mar. 2012
      10 Mar. 2014
       11 Nov. 2008
         7 Mar. 2009
        6 Mar. 2010
      15 Mar. 2011
      13 Mar. 2012
      10 Mar. 2014
       
       
      101 
      101
      101
      101
      101
      101
      13

      8, 7, 6, 7
       nd
      nd
      nd
      6.2




       
      3.0




       
      65
       



       
      4
      4
      4
      0
      0
      0
      1.3, 2.5, 2.4, 1.2
      2.0, 2.7, 2.5, 1.3
      2.5, 3.1, 3.1, 20
      nd
      nd
      nd


      Reharvested 8Mar10
        Dead remains found.
      Reharvested 13Mar12
       Tag found; plant absent.
      102 
      102
      102
      102
      102

        5

      nd
      nd
      nd

      2.4




       
      1.0




       
        3




       
      1
      1
      nd
      nd
      nd

      1.5
      1.5
      nd
      nd
      nd



      Not present. Hog activity. 
      Not present.


      103 
      103
      103
      103
      103

      5

      7, 7
      6, 6
      5, 5

      2.0




       
      0.7




       
        3




       
      3
      2
      2
      2
      2

      0.5, 0.8, 0.9
      1.2, 1.3
      1.4, 1.5
      0.6, 0.6
      2.6, 2.0





      New control 13Mar12

      104 
      104
      104
      104
      104

        8

      *
      nd
      nd

      4.6



       

      1.5




       
      23




       
      – 
      – 
      2
      0
      0

      nd
      nd
        9
      nd
      nd

      Tag & plant not found.
      Tag & plant not found.
      *Not countable. 
      Carcass present.
      New control 13Mar12

      105 
      105
      105
      105
      105

        8

      nd
      nd
      nd

      5.0




       
      1.5




       
      23



       
       
      nd
      nd
      nd
      nd
      nd

      nd
      nd
      nd
      nd
      nd



      Not found; presumed dead.
       
        

      106 
      106
      106
      106
      106

      13

      7, 5
      not countable
      5

      6.3




       
      1.6



       

      45




       
      2
      3
      2
      1
      1

      2.0, 2.4
      2.0, 2.4, 1.9
      4.0, 7.0
      1.0
      1.5

      Error. See image pages.

      Partially eaten.

      New control 13Mar12

      107 
      107
      107
      107
      107

        8

      nd
      nd
      nd

      5.0




       
      3.0




       
      31




       
      6
      6
      0
      0
      0

      1.5, 2.0, 1.8, 1.3, 1.6, 1.4
      1.8, 2.4, 2.2, 1.5, 1.9, 1.5
      nd
      nd
      nd



        Dead. Remains located. 
      Remains still present.

       
      108 
      108
      108
      108
      108

        8

      5, 7, 7
      7, 7, 5*
      7, unclear, 5

      5.0




       
      1.5




       
      31




       
      – 
      3
      3
      3
      3

      nd
      2.1, 1.8, 2.1
      2.1, 1.6, 2.4
      2.1, 1.3, 1.3
      3.2, 1.2, 2.1

      Tag & plant not found.

       Reharvested 8Mar10
      *Chewed by herbivore.
      Reharvested 13Mar12

      109 
      109
      109
      109
      109

        9

      7, 8, 7
      8, 7, 7
      8, 8, 8

      5.8




       
      1.9




       
      43




       
      – 
      – 
      3
      3
      3

      nd
      nd
      2.9, 3.8, 3.4
      3.1, 3.0, 3.1
      4.3, 4.0, 3.8

       Tag & plant not found.
      Tag & plant not found.


      New control 13Mar12

      110 
      110
      110
      110
      110

        8

      7, 7
      nd
      nd

      4.1




       
      1.8




       
      23




       
      – 
      – 
      2
      0
      0

      nd
      nd
      2.5, 2.1
      nd
      nd

      Tag & plant not found.
      Tag & plant not found.
      Reharvested 8 March 2010
      Dead. Carcass located.
      Reharvest 13Mar12

      111 
      111
      111
      111
      111

        8

      8, 5
      6
      nd

      2.7




       
      0.9




       
        6




       
      – 
      – 
      2
      1
      0

      nd
      nd
      2.0, 0.6
      1.0
      nd

      Tag & plant not found.
      Tag & plant not found.


      New control 13Mar12

      112 
      112
      112
      112
      112

      13

      8, 7, 8, 8
      7, 8, 6, 6
      6, 5, 6, 6

      4.8




       
      0.7




       
      20




       

      4
      4
      4
      4

      nd
      2.1, 2.0, 1.7, 1.6
      2.6, 1.3, 2.7, 2.4
      1.3, 1.5, 1.3, 1.3
      2.2, 2.0, 1.8, 1.8

      Tag & plant not found.

      Reharvested 8Mar10
       
      Reharvested 13Mar12

       113 
      113
      113
      113
      113

      13

      nd
      nd
      nd

      6.3



       

      2.6



       
       
      74




       
      1
      0
      0
      0
      0

      0.9
      nd
      nd
      nd
      nd



        Dead. Remains located.
        Carcass still present.


      114 
      114
      114
      114
      114

        8

      7, 8
      8, 5
      nd

      4.1




       
      1.2




       
      17



       
       
      2
      2
      2
      2
      0

      1.7, 1.9
      1.7, 1.7
      2.1, 2.2
      2.3, 1.0
      nd



      Reharvested 8Mar10
      1 head older than other.
      Reharvest 13Mar12

      115 
      115
      115
      115
      115

        5

      nd
      nd
      nd

      2.2




       
      0.8




       
        3




       
      0
      0
      0
      0
      0

      nd
      nd
      nd
      nd
      nd



        Dead but not locateable. 
        Carcass found.


      116 
      116
      116
      116
      116

        8

      8, 5, 6
      5*, 8, 6
      nd

      4.4




       
      0.3




       
      23




       
      3
      3
      3
      3
      0

      1.7, 1.0, 1.4
      1.7, 0.9, 1.6
      2.5, 0.7, 1.8
      2.5, 2.5, 0.7
      nd




        *Chewed on by herbivores.
       New control set 13 March 2012

      117 
      117
      117
      117
      117

        8

      11, 6, 6
      8, 7, 12
      nd

      5.4





      1.7





      28





      3
      3
      3
      3
      0

      1.3, 2.8, 1.8
      1.8, 3.0, 2.1
      1.7, 3.6, 2.2
      2.6, 2.5, 4.5
      nd





       New control set 13 March 2012

      118 
      118
      118
      118
      118

        8

      8, 7, 7, 6, 6
      7, 7, 6
      7, 7, 7

      5.3




       
      1.3




       
      34




       
      5
      5
      5
      3
      3

      1.0, 1.3, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4
      1.0, 1.9, 1.3, 1.7, 2.0
      1.9, 1.1, 1.4, 1.0, 1.5
      1.7, 1.8, 1.8
      2.3, 2.3, 2.1



       Reharvested 8 March 2010
       
       Reharvested 13 March 2012

      119 
      119
      119
      119
      119

      13

      8, 5, 8, 8
      6, 7, 7, 6
      7, 5, 7, 5

      5.4




       
      2.3





      48




       
      4
      4
      4
      4
      4

      1.9, 0.8, 1.5, 1.6
      2.2, 0.9, 1.3, 1.9
      2.4, 0.9, 1.6, 1.6
      2.4, 2.8, 3.2, 1.9
      4.0, 2.5, 3.1, 3.2




       New control 13 March 2012

      120 
      120
      120
      120
      120

        8

      7, 8
      7, 6
      6, 6

      5.6




       
      1.4




       
      28




       


      2
      2
      2

      nd
      nd
      1.8, 2.1
      2.0, 1.5
      2.2, 1.8

        Tag not found. Plant not found.
        Tag not found. Plant not found.
       Reharvested 8 March 2010
        One crown was stepped on.
       Reharvested 13 March 2012

      121 
      121
      121
      121
      121

      13

      8, 7
      7, 7
      8, 7

      6.3




       
      2.6




       
      71




       
      2
      2
      2
      2
      2

      1.9, 2.5
      2.4, 2.6
      2.4, 2.7
      3.6, 3.4
      4.0, 4.2





       New control 13 March 2012

      122 
      122
      122
      122
      122

        5

      7
      6
      8

      2.9


       
       

      1.0




       
        6




       
      1
      – 
      1
      1
      1

      2.2
      nd
      2.1
      1.7
      2.1


        Tag not found. Plant not found.
       Reharvested 8 March 2010
      .
       Reharvested 13 March 2012

      123 
      123
      123
      123
      123

        8

      6, 5
      7, 6
      8, 7

      5.0





      1.8




       
      31




       


      2
      2
      2

      nd
      nd
      2.1, 1.6
      2.5*, 2.9
      3.2, 3.0

        Tag not found. Plant not found.
        Tag not found. Plant not found.

        *Regrowth after herbivore damage.
       New control 13 March 2012

      124 
      124
      124
      124
      124

        8

      7, 6
      5, 5
      8, 7

      4.1




       
      1.1




       
      17




       
      2
      2
      2
      2
      2

      1.9, 2.1
      1.8, 2.0
      1.8, 1.8
      0.8, 2.0
      2.5, 2.0



       Reharvested 8 March 2010
       
       Reharvested 13 March 2012

      125 
      125
      125
      125
      125

        8

      5, 6
      6, 7
      7, 7

      4.4




       
      1.1




       
      14




       
      2
      2
      2
      2
      2

      1.6, 1.5
      2.0, 1.6
      1.4, 1.4
      2.5, 2.5
      2.9, 2.9





       New control 13 March 2012

      126 
      126
      126
      126
      126

      13

      6, 7, 7
      7, 6, 8, 7
      8, 6, 7, 6

      5.0



       

      2.0



       

      54




       


      3
      4
      4

      nd
      nd
      2.4, 2.5, 2.4
      1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 1.4
      2.6, 2.1, 2.3, 2.5

        Tag not found. Plant not found.
        Tag not found. Plant not found.
       Reharvested 8 March 2010

       Reharvested 13 March 2012

      127 
      127
      127
      127
      127

        8

      8
      8
      8

      4.3



       

      1.2




       
      28




       
      1
      1
      1
      1
      1

      1.8
      2.0
      2.3
      3.0
      3.7





       New control 13 March 2012

      128 
      128
      128
      128
      128

      13

      6, 8, 8
      6, 7, 6, 7
      6, 7, 7, 7

      4.9




       
      1.6




       
      34




       
      3
      3
      3
      4
      4

      1.6, 2.4, 2.0
      1.7, 2.8, 2.0
      1.8, 2.8, 2.1
      1.5, 1.7, 1.6, 1.5
      2.2, 1.9, 2.1, 2.0



       Reharvested 8 March 2010

       Reharvested 13 March 2012

      129 
      129
      129
      129
      129

      10

      6, 7, 7
      8, 8, 7, 7
      8, 8, 8, 7+

      5.3




       
      2.0




       
      34




       
      4
      4
      3
      4
      4

      2.0, 2.0, 1.0, 2.2
      2.2, 2.2, 1.7, 2.3
      2.2, 2.0, 2.3
      2.8, 2.8, 2.8, 2.8
      3.0, 3.0, 3.0, 3.0





       New control 13 March 2012

      130 
      130
      130
      130
      130
        8

      7, 7
      13, 8


      5.3


       

       
      1.6




       
      23




       
      2
      2
      2
      2
      missed

      1.1, 3.1
      1.1, 3.7
      3.9, 1.4
      4.7, 2.3






        Main crown  stepped on & healed.

      131 
      131
      131
      131
      131

        8

      7, 7, 7
      6
      nd

      4.8




       
      2.6




       
      26




       
      3
      3
      3
      1
      0

      1.4, 1.2, 1.1
      1.9, 1.5, 1.4
      1.0, 1.7, 1.6
      2.0
      nd


       Reharvested 8 March 2010
        Lopsided; herbivores ate one side.
       Reharvested set 13 March 2012

      132 
      132
      132
      132
      132

        8

      nd
      nd
      nd

      4.4




       
      1.5




       
      17





      2
      2
      nd
      nd
      nd

      1.5, 2.0
      1.9, 2.0
      nd
      nd
      nd



        Plant not present. Hog activity. 
       
       

      133 
      133
      133
      133
      133

        8

      6
      6
      6

      4.2




       
      1.7




       
      20




       
      0
      1
      1
      1
      1

      nd
      0.8
      1.3
      2.0
      2.1





       New control 13 March 2012

      134 
      134
      134
      134
      134

        8

      6, 7
      nd
      6, 6

      3.4




       
      1.1




       
        9




       
      0
      2
      2
      0
      2

      nd
      1.4, 1.6
      1.4, 1.4
      nd
      1.7, 1.9



       Reharvested 8 March 2010
       
       Reharvested 13 March 2012

      135 
      135
      135
      135
      135

      13

      12, 5
      12, 6
      13*, 7

      5.4





       
      1.0





       
      28





       
      2
      2
      2
      2
      2


      2.8, 1.7
      3.2, 1.9
      3.9, 1.8
      4.5, 2.4
      5.0, 2.5






        New control 13 March 2012
        *Apical meristem regrowth.

      136 
      136
      136
      136
      136

      13

      6, 7, 7
      5*, 6, 6
      6, 7, 6

      5.7


       

       
      2.3




       
      48




       
      2
      3
      3
      3
      3

      1.9, 1.9
      2.4, 2.3, 1.4
      2.1, 2.2, 2.0
      1.2, 1.7, 1.3
      2.5, 2.1, 1.8



       Reharvested 8 March 2010
        *Apex of plant off-center.
       Reharvested 13 March 2012

      137 
      137
      137
      137
      137

        8

      6, 6, 6
      6, 7, 7
      6, 7, 7

      4.6




       
      1.5




       
      17



       

      3
      3
      3
      3
      3

      1.8, 1.8, 1.7
      1.6, 1.6, 1.3
      1.3, 1.2, 1.2
      2.1, 2.0, 2.0
      2.2, 2.0, 2.0





       New control 13 March 2012

      138 
      138
      138
      138
      138

      13

      6, 5, 5
      6
      6

      5.7



       

      2.6




       
      43



       
       
      4
      4
      3
      1
      1

      1.1, 1.4, 1.8, 1.1
      1.2, 1.7, 2.4, 1.4
      3.0, 1.2, 1.2
      1.9
      1.9

        Tag not found. Plant was found.

       Reharvested 8 March 2010
        Apical meristem eaten and regrown.
       Reharvested 13 March 2012

      139 
      139
      139
      139
      139

        5

      6
      8
      8

      2.9


       

       
      1.0




       
        6




       
      1
      1
      1
      1
      1

      1.8
      1.9
      2.1
      2.6
      1.9





       New control 13 March 2012

      140 
      140
      140
      140
      140

      10

      nd
      nd
      nd

      5.4




       
      1.2




       
      28




       
      0
      0
      0
      0
      0

      nd
      nd
      nd
      nd
      nd



        Presumed dead but not locateable.
       
       

      141 
      141
      141
      141
      141

      13

      7, 7, 7, 7
      8, 9, 5*
      8, 8, 8

      5.0




       
      1.0




       
      23




       
      4
      4
      4
      3
      3

      1.6, 1.6, 1.8, 1.5
      –, –, –, –
      2.0, 1.8, 1.5, 1.5
      1.8, 2.0, 1.5
      2.4, 2.2, 2.3



       Reharvested 8 March 2010
        *Pup still in the process of emerging.
       Reharvested 13 March 2012

      142 
      142
      142
      142
      142

      13

      6, 6, 6, 6
      8, 7, 7, 6
      6, 6, 5, 6

      6.4




       
      2.1




       
      62




       

      – 
      4
      4
      4

      nd
      nd
      2.6, 1.3, 1.1, 1.2
      2.0, 2.0, 2.0, 3.3
      3.6, 2.4, 2.2, 2.3

        Tag not found. Plant not found.
        Tag not found. Plant not found.


       New control 13 March 2012

      143 
      143
      143
      143
      143

      13

      8, 8, 7
      7, 9, 7
      8, 7, 7

      6.3




       
      1.9




       
      51




       

      – 
      3
      3
      3

      nd
      nd
      2.9, 2.7, 2.6
      1.7, 2.8, 2.1
      3.1, 2.6, 3.0

        Tag not found. Plant not found.
        Tag not found. Plant not found.
       Reharvested 8 March 2010

       Reharvested 13 March 2012

      144 
      144
      144
      144
      144

        5

      6, 6
      6, 6
      7, 6

      3.9



       

      1.7




       
      23


       

       
      2
      2
      2
      2
      2

      1.0, 1.0
      1.4, 1.3
      0.9, 1.0
      2.0, 2.0
      2.2, 2.1





      New control 13Mar12

      145 
      145
      145
      145
      145

        5

      5
      7
      6

      3.5




       
      0.9




       
      11




       
      1
      1
      1
      1
      1

      1.4
      1.5
      1.4
      1.6
      2.1



      Reharvested 8Mar10
       
      Reharvested 13 Mar12

      146 
      146
      146
      146
      146

      13

      7, 8
      8, 9
      7, 8

      5.9


       

       
      1.5




       
      37




       
      2
      2
      2
      2
      2

      1.8, 1.6
      2.0, 1.9
      2.2, 2.3
      2.8, 2.8
      3.0, 2.9





      New control 13Mar12

      147 
      147
      147
      147
      147

      13

      7, 7, 7, 6
      8, 8, 8
      7, 6, 6

      5.7




       
      1.6




       
      34




       
      4
      4
      4
      3
      3

      1.0, 1.4, 1.4, 1.8
      1.5, 1.5, 2.0, 2.0
      1.7, 1.5, 1.7, 1.2
      1.1, 1.5, 1.8
      2.2, 1.6, 2.0



      Reharvested 8Mar10
       
      Reharvested 13Mar12

      148 
      148
      148
      148
      148

      13

      7
      7
      8

      6.8




       
      3.0




       
      54




       
      1
      1
      1
      1
      1

      2.5
      3.4
      3.2
      4.1
      4.5





      New control 13Mar12

      149 
      149
      149
      149
      149

      13

      8x3, 7x3
      7, 8*
      7, 7

      6.7





      1.5





      51





      6
      6
      6
      2
      2

      1.8, 1.1, 1.0, 0.9, 1.1, 1.8,
      2.1, 2.0, 1.9, 1.4, 2.0, 2.0
      2.9, 1.7, 1.9, 1.9, 1.7, 2.4
      2.3, 2.4
      3.0, 2.7



      Reharvested 8Mar10
      *Deformed.
      Reharvested 13Mar12

      150 
      150
      150
      150
      150

      5

      6, 7
      8, 7
      6, 6

      2.9




       
      1.0




       
        9




       
      2
      2
      2
      2
      2

      1.3, 1.3
      1.4, 1.4
      1.0, 1.2
      2.3, 2.3
      2.8, 2.6





      New control 13Mar12


      The plants being surveyed are part of a larger population occurring on private land in South Texas. The area of the survey site itself is defined with a transect of 17-gauge electric fence wire secured with steel stakes — the locations of which are recorded with a high resolution GPS. The transect zigzags through the study site with all plants in the study being located within approximately one-half meter of the wire. The area of the study site has not yet been accurately measured but we estimate it to be around half a hectare.

          We also tagged and measured a control group of 50 plants on 23 NOV 2008, which in future monitoring will give us an idea of the magnitude of natural mortality not associated with harvesting. {The results from our visits concerning those 50 individuals serving as our control group.}

          An additional 20 plants (#201-220) were harvested during the November 2008 monitoring to make up for what was believed to be lost plants from the original group of 50 harvested plants. {The results from our visits concerning those twenty individuals.}


      7 March 2009 update:
          Interestingly we found the same number of harvested study plants (with their tags) but as can be seen in the table above these were not entirely the same plants & tags as had been located on 23 November 2008.
          On this visit we used a Trimble high-resolution GPS instrument to record the location of all tags and/or plants located.
          Complete or partial burial of plants and their tags was sometimes encountered. To aid in future visits we added a rebar stake near each tagged plant.


      6 March 2010 update:
          A number of our tags and plants were completely buried and hence provided missing data in 2009. In 2010, thanks to the use of a high powered metal detector, we located our tags, stakes and plants except in the instances where the plants and their tag were totally missing from the study site.


       13 March 2012 update:
          In 2012, thanks again to the use of a high powered metal detector, we located all of our tags, stakes and plants except as mentioned above. We did not get photos of control #161 or its tag again this year.


       10 March 2014 update:
          In 2014, we had the interesting challenge of photographing and measuring plants amidst rain. We did not locate #111's tag or rebar this year.

          Feral hog activity was extensive at this site.

      Lophophora is surviving many known challenges.



      habitat

      View of the beginning of our transect line
      & the former locations of plants #101 & #102.


         

          If you would like to help support additional studies of this type, designed to answer basic questions that are critical to the optimal stewardship/management of vulnerable cactus species, please send a contribution, of $25 USD or whatever amount you can afford, to the Cactus Conservation Institute, 909 E. Sul Ross Ave., Alpine, TX 79830.
          We also now accept donations via PayPal.







    Cactus Conservation Institute